Geodetic Datum Transformation System (GDTS) - Hydrographic Surveying (GLS 614)

   
Geodetic system is a coordinate system, and a set of reference points, used to locate places on the earth. Datums are used in geodesy, navigation, and surveying by cartographers and satellite navigation systems to translate positions indicated on maps to their real position on earth. Each starts with an ellipsoid and then defines latitude, longitude and altitude coordinates. The difference in co-ordinates between datums is commonly referred to as datum shift. Because the Earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, localised datums can give a more accurate representation of the area of coverage.

   In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a reference system or an approximation of the Earth's surface against which positional measurements are made for computing locations. Horizontal datums are used for describing a point on the Earth's surface, in latitude and longitude or another coordinate system. Vertical datums are used to measure elevations or underwater depths. Generally, especially in survey life the coordinate system need to change especially we conduct a survey in different place with different coordinate system to match the data and to gain the good result.

Software Used :

1. GDTS 4.1 
2. GPSCAS 1.02

Our Report and Procedure :

GDTS Report - Hydrographic Surveying

Lab 4B Line Map Compilation, Orthorectification and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) - Advanced Photogrammetry (GLS 615)

The aim of this lab is to produce a Orthophoto Images and a Line Map by using a DEM concept. Orthophotographs are photographic images constructed from vertical or near-vertical aerial photographs, such that the effects of central perspective, relief displacement, and tilt are (practically) removed. Orthophoto can be obtained by resampling aerial image with fiducial marks. It can be used as base map because it has all the original features in the image. Plus, orthophoto also can be used to measure true distance of features within the image. Orthophoto in digital can be generates using images from aerial and space borne sensors. Orthophoto is used for it increased availability of digital data, easier acquisition of input data, powerful computers that can store data and increased of demand of up to date maps.


Software used:

PHOTOMOD 5.0 Lite

My report and procedure:

1. Lab 4b Line Map Compilation, Orthorectification and DEM
2. Line Map
3. Digital Elevation Model

Lab 4a Aerial Triangulation - Advanced Photogrammetry (GLS 615)

  Aerial triangulation is a mathematical process of establishing precise and accurate relationships between the images coordinate system and defined datum and projection on the ground. The main objective of aerial triangulation is to produce from ground control point and any other sufficient points in the photogrammetric model to make sure for each model can be oriented accurately as required for stereopair compilation in either orthophoto or line mapping. The process uses all possible overlaps image with a few number of reference points. There are mainly three stages of aerial triangulation, one of them is preparation by making point identification of ground control point, numbering of points, images and strips, and the flight details such as photo coordinate, camera calibration and scanned or digital images. Second, Interior orientation is important to relate aerial image to the object on the ground which used to determine the fiducial marks measurement for cameras. Then, relative orientation is made followed by block adjustment where it includes algorithm for determination of blunders and error propagation.

Software used:

PHOTOMOD 5.0 Lite

My report and procedure:

Lab 4a Aerial Triangulation

Lab 5 Accuracy Assessment - Remote Sensing (GLS 612)

    Accuracy assessment is performed by comparing the two different maps created from remote sensing analysis to a reference map based on the different source. The important of accuracy assessment and error analysis is to permit the quantitative comparisons of different interpretations. In order to compared, the map need to be evaluated and the reference map, both must be accurately registered geometrically to each other. They also must use the same classification scheme and they should have been classified at the same level of detail. This type of assessment is called site-specific accuracy which is based on a comparison of the two maps at specific location for example; individual pixels in two digital images. In this type of comparison, it is clearly that the degree to which the pixels in one image spatially align with the pixels in the second image contributes to the accuracy assessment result. Errors in classification should be distinguished from errors in registration or positioning of boundaries. Another useful form of site-specific accuracy assessment is to compare field data or training data at a number of locations within the image, similar to the way spatial accuracy assessment using ground checkpoints is performed for digital orthophotos and terrain models.


My Lab 5 Report :

Lab 5 Accuracy Assessment (GLS 612)

Hands On Test (Georeferencing and Spatial Adjustment) - Geographic Information System (GLS 613)

    This hands-on test were focused more on Georeferencing and Spatial Adjustment using ArcGIS software. By providing a raster map image and spatial data, we were suppose to do these operations by using GIS tools with the guidance of manual step-by-step in those two analyses. After the operation is completed, we were supposed to answer the question on the question paper.

Sofware Used :

ArcGIS 10.4

Question and Spatial Data :

Hands On Test Question

Report and Answers :

Georeferencing and Spatial Adjustment Test

Lab 5 Close Range Photogrammetry - Advanced Photogrammetry (GLS 615)

  Close-range photogrammetry is another type of photogrammetric data collection and processing where the subject is less than 300 meter. Collection method can be both ground or aerial-based and the final output can be performed either two or three dimensionally. The close-range photogrammetry relies on the reconstruction of the object simultaneously from several images from different and possible perspective to ensure a suitable geometry of intersecting rays. Photogrammetric would be useful if the object to be measured is inaccessible or difficult of access. Second, the object is very small. Third, when it is not certain at the time of measurement and what measures are required. There are many types of application used in close-range photogrammetry, one of them is to preserve cultural heritage.

Software Used :

PHOTOMOD 5 Lite

My Report and Procedure of Close-Range Photogrammetry lab :

Lab 5 Close-Range Photogrammetry - GLS 615

Lab 2 Land Surface Temperature Mapping - Marine Resource Management (GLS617)

    Land surface temperature (LST) is referred to climatological and environmental studies. This lab showing the state of the science of land surface temperature (LST) estimates from remote sensing platforms, models and in site approaches. LST is an important climate variable, related to surface energy balance and the integrated thermal state of the atmosphere within the planetary boundary layer (Jin 1996). Traditionally, LST was referred to standard surface-air temperature measured by sheltered thermometer above a flat on earthly surface. With satellite technology, satellite-based surface temperature called skin temperature, is become available globally (Dickinson 1994). Satellite LST products provide an estimate of the kinetic temperature of the earth’s surface. LST is a parameter in land surface process, not only acting as an indicator of climate change, but also due to its control of the upward air space radiation and the control of the surface temperature and the heat within the atmosphere.

Software Used :

• ERDAS Imagine 2013
• ArcGIS 10.4

Manual and Procedure :

Lab 2 LST Manual

Video Tutorial Estimating LST Mapping Using ArcGIS :

My LST Mapping Procedure and Report :

Lab 2 LST Mapping - (GLS617)

Lab 3 Ground Control Point - Advanced Photogrammetry (GLS615)

Ground control points are used in conjunction with GPS data collected during the flight to increase the accuracy of the area being surveyed. By creating visible attributes within the area being flown and knowing an accurate GPS coordinate on these attributes, aerial photography is able to take this information and create a survey grade map. A great example of how much time and money can be saved by using photogrammetry and GCP’s as a replacement for standard surveying techniques. GCP's are a great way to increase the accuracy of any map that uses aerial captured images.

Post-marked control uses points of natural detail or physical markings on the image emulsion (Aerotriangulation). Such points are visible on the photograph and can be uniquely and unambiguously defined. The point selection is made on the basis of the type of point, that is 3D, horizontal or height.

My Report and Ground Control Point selection :

Lab 3 Ground Control Point (GLS615)

Strata Survey - Advanced Cadastral Surveying (GLS 559)

Strata title is a subdivision of building or land into parcels and issue of separate title for each of the parcel (unit) such as condominiums, commercial complex, and multi-purpose complex. When there has two or more storey on alienated land held as one lot under Final Title into parcel each to be held under a separate Strata Title. In other words, it also define as subdivision of building issue of separates titles under Strata Titles Act (STA) 1985 for each of the parcel in the building which has two and more storey.

Software Used :

AutoCAD 2007

Our Report and Drawing Plan :

Strata Survey Kolej Teratai (GLS559)

Strata AutoCAD Drawing

CP, JP and PA Table CAD Drawing PDF

Deformation Survey - Advanced Engineering Surveying (GLS 558)

   Deformation survey or deformation monitoring is defined as the systematic measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of stresses induced by applied loads. The causes for deformation survey are changes in the bedrock, increase or decrease weight, changes of the material properties or outside influences. Deformation survey has the technique, calculation and instrument needed to monitor those structures. There are three types of monitoring uses to monitor structure. They are permanent monitoring, semi – permanent monitoring and epoch monitoring . Permanent monitoring is a long term of monitoring or continuous monitoring. Its required permanent observation of a structure using permanently installed instruments with recording facilities. Semi – permanent monitoring is identical to permanent monitoring but differs in intervals between recordings. Epoch monitoring uses geodetic or photogrammetric methods to determine the relative and or absolute positions of object that being motorize in time. The purpose of deformation survey is to ensure that whether there are movements taking place on the monitor structure and is it still safe to be used.

Software Used :

Star*Net software 

Our Deformation Survey Report :

Practical 1 - Deformation Survey Report (GLS558)

Resurvey Lot Using Title Survey Module (TSM) - Advanced Cadastral Surveying (GLS559)

Resurvey is a term used when a cadastral survey is carry out on a previously surveyed lot. Reasons for resurvey are to upgrade the quality of previous survey, to re-establish the position of missing boundary marks, to meet the requirement of Sec 353 NLC – natural boundary and boundary dispute etc. A resurvey is a reconstruction of land boundaries and subdivisions accomplished by rerunning re- marking the lines represented in the field-note record or on the plat of a previous official survey. The field-note record of the resurvey includes a description of the technical manner in which the resurvey was made, full reference to recovered evidence of the previous survey or surveys, and a complete description of the work performed and monuments established. The resurvey, like an original survey, is subject to approval of the directing authority. Actions that can be taken in resurvey are new lot number will be allocated, missing or out of position marks are to be replaced or refixed and new Certified Plan to be drawn.

Software Used :

TSM Module

TSM Module Manual :

Title Survey Module Manual

Our Report and Certified Plan :

Resurvey Lot Using TSM Module Report (GLS 559)

Certified Plan Resurvey Lot

Assignment 2 Close Range Photogrammetry Application - Advanced Photogrammetry (GLS 615)

Close-range photogrammetry is meant to be when the distance from the camera to the object of interest can be from 1 to 300 meter. The close-range photogrammetry relies on the reconstruction of the object simultaneously from several images from different and possible perspective to ensure a suitable geometry of intersecting rays. Photogrammetric would be useful if the object to be measured is inaccessible or difficult of access. Second, the object is very small. Third, when it is not certain at the time of measurement and what measures are required. They are many types of application that are among the most important in close range Photogrammetry.

Download Link :

My Assignment 2 

Assignment 2 - Close Range Photogrammetry Application (GLS615)

Assignment 1 Camera Calibration - Advanced Photogrammetry (GLS 615)

Camera calibration is very important before start a photogrammetry works, one of the importance is to determine its precise and accurate values for a number of constant. Therefore, accurate spatial information can be determined from photographs. There are 3 types of technique of camera calibration in photogrammetry and several type of output parameter after the camera has been calibrated.

Technique of Camera Calibration :-

1. Laboratory Method
2. Stellar Calibration Method
3. Field Calibration Method

Output Parameter :-

1. Tangential lens distortion
2. Calibrated Focal Length
3. Radial Lens Distortion
4. Principal point
5. Affinity

My Assignment and Report :

Assignment 1 - Camera Calibration (GLS 615)

Assignment 1 Remote Sensing Technique in Mangrove Monitoring - Marine Resource Management (GLS 617)

Mangrove forests in Peninsular Malaysia are found mainly on the sheltered coasts, estuaries, rives and some near-shore islands. Mangrove forests support a variety range of animals and plants and are repositories for a vast array of biological diversity. The importance of mangrove forests in providing invaluable goods and services both in economics and environmental terms are well understood and documented. Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM) has been preserving with current issues at the national, regional and international level in managing the mangrove forests. FDPM is fully committed to the implementation of the sustainable forest management practices and in line with current requirements such as climate change, conservation of biological diversity and natural disaster including tsunami, that have made the forestry profession becoming more crucial.

Remote sensing technology has been applied in various ways to characterize mangrove ecosystems. Some of the documented applications include mapping the areal extent, detecting individual species, and providing estimates of structure and parameters such as leaf area, canopy height, and biomass. The main motivation for the characterization of these ecosystems is to monitor and manage them. Generally, all the remote sensing application in mangrove ecosystems can be categorized into three broad areas. These broad categories 9 have been identified as resource inventory; change detection; and selection and inventory of aquaculture sites.

My Assignment 1 :

Assignment 1 - Remote Sensing in Mangrove Monitoring (GLS617)

What is Big Data? - Geographic Information System (GLS613)

   

Big data are “data sets that are so big they cannot be handled efficiently by common database management systems” (Dasgupta,2013). In other word, it also can be defined as the collection of data so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process the database into the application or tools.

In our daily lives, simple activity like listening to digital music, reading an e-book even browsing on your smart phone are now generating data which leaving a digital trace (data) and can be use and analyze from the data. In surveying concept, the Big Data can be formed from the GPS devices, Satellite remote sensing, LiDAR, Aerial Surveying, Hydrographic surveying and etc. As the modern concept of surveying method is created, the larger the data published from one survey works.

Download Link :

Assignment - What is Big Data? (GLS613)

Lab 5 ArcGIS Online and GIS Cloud - Geographic Information System (GLS613)

    
   ArcGIS Online is a cloud base mapping platform where the user capable of access to dynamic, authoritative content to create, collaborate, catalog and share maps, data and application with each other or through public. Through ArcGIS Online, the users can gain a private access to the secure ESRI cloud, which is scalable and ready to use. ArcGIS requires no additional hardware or software and is available through a subscription.

    GIS Cloud is the first purely web based GIS powered by cloud computing. It provides full desktop GIS features enriched by the web. GIS Cloud offers easy and efficient visualization, analysis and exploration of geographic information. The goals of the GIS Cloud platform are to simplify exchange of geographical information between users and offer an easy way to analyze the information regardless of the location of its users. GIS Cloud Mobile Data Collection is a tool for web and mobile devices which allow you to collect data in real time, with custom designed forms, work in offline mode and more. Collect field data and conduct field surveys faster and easier than ever before. Simply sign in with your GIS Cloud account (or sign up for free) and send collected data directly to your GIS Cloud app in the cloud.

Home Page :

GIS Cloud

ArcGIS Online

Download Link 

Application Used :

GIS - Cloud Mobile Mapping (Android)

GIS - Cloud Mobile Mapping (IOS)

User Manual :

GIS Cloud User Manual

ArcGIS Online Start Guide

My Report and Procedure Lab 4 :

Lab 5 - ArcGIS Online and GIS Cloud (GLS613)

Lab 3 Ground Penetrating Radar and Locator Practical - Advanced Engineering Surveying (GLS558)

    
  Ground Penetration Radar known as GPR equips with antenna which send electromagnetic waves into the subsurface. GPR works by detecting the reflected signal from the subsurface features. GPR system component includes antenna, control unit, and power supply parts. Various of features underground can be scanned by using this technique for example ice, fresh water, pipes, pavement, rock, soil. GPR equipment using high frequency of radio waves, commonly minimum from 10 megahertz up to 1 gigahertz. Whenever the energy touches the materials underground they will reflect back to receiver. The strength, amplitude and reflection energy is depending on the contrast in the conductivity between features. Features with high dielectric will slow down the radar wave and it cannot be penetrating further. Features with high conductivity will diffuse the signal rapidly while the non-conductor material will reflect the signal better.

    Locator is another device to locate the underground features or utilities. Locator works differently from GPR method because it only can detect metal objects underground. This device usually used for engineering purposes another important aspect of this locator is it can reduce the risk of any accident would happen during the survey. Active locating it is standard method to locate the underground utilities. By using locator system, it is help to do blind searchers, ground surveys and to confirm the location of underground utilities.

Practical Question :

Practical 03 Question - GPR and Locator

Series of Videos on GPR and Locator :

My Report and Answer :

Lab 3 GPR and Locator Report GLS558

Lab 1 Introduction to Erdas Imagine - Remote Sensing (GLS612)

   
ERDAS IMAGINE is tools application for remote sensing that used raster data. Ability ERDAS designed to prepare, display and enhance data image. It is a toolbox allowing the user to perform numerous operations on an image and generate an answer to specific geographical questions. By manipulated data image values and position is possible to see features that would not normally be visible and to locate positions of features that can be graphical. In this task, we use ERDAS Imagine 2013.

Software Used :

Erdas Imagine 2013

My Lab 1 Report

Lab 1 - Introduction to Erdas Imagine (GLS612)

Lab 4 ArcGIS Network Analyst Tutorial Exercise - Geographic Information System (GLS613)

 
In this exercise, the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension provides to build a network dataset and perform analyses on network dataset. One of the dataset can create in ArcCatalog from feature classes stored in the geodatabase. The definition of connectivity rules and network attributes as well as performing various of network analyses in ArcMap using Network Analyst toolbar.

Software Used : 

ArcGIS 10.4

Network Analyst Tutorial :

ESRI Network Analyst Tutorial

Network Analyst Tutorial Data :

ArcGIS Network Tutorial Data

My Summary Report and Procedure : 

Lab 4 ArcGIS Network Analyst Tutorial Exercise GLS613

Lab 3 ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst Tutorial Exercise - Geographic Information System (GLS 613)

ArcGIS Geostatistical analyst are able to create a continuous surface or map, from one sample point stored in a point feature layer or raster layer or by using polygon centroids. The sample points can be estimated such as elevation, depth to the water table, level of pollution, study of the case. By using the ArcGIS tools, Geostatistical Analyst provides a comprehensive tool for creating a surface can be used to visualize, analyze and understand spatial phenomena.

Software Used : 

ArcGIS 10.4

Geostatistical Analyst Tutorial :

ESRI Geostatistical Analyst Tutorial

Geostatistical Analyst Tutorial Data :

ArcGIS Tutorial Data

My Summary Report and Procedure :

Lab 3 Geostatistical Analyst Tutorial Exercise